Book 78 - Elizabeth Norton "Anne of Cleves: Henry VIII's Discarded Bride"

Elizabeth Norton "Anne of Cleves: Henry VIII's Discarded Bride" (Amberley Publishing)



A very good, if basic, biography. Although there's some conjecture and Norton doesn't offer anything new, this bio is highly readable and short enough so that people won't get tired of the book and not finish. I think Norton makes some very good points about how, even though Anne of Cleves was made wealthy and treated relatively well by Henry VIII, she would still have been much better off if she'd never met the man. This book makes me want to read the other biographies in this series on Henry VIII's wives.

Book 79 - Sarah Bradford "Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love, and Death in Renaissance Italy"

Sarah Bradford "Lucrezia Borgia: Life, Love, and Death in Renaissance Italy" (Penguin Books)




I think the main thing I came away with after reading this is that Lucrezia Borgia, whose rampant rumours of poisoning, incest, and other sins, was not nearly as interesting as historians have generally made her out to be! That’s a compliment to the author, in a way, thanks to her deconstruction of the Borgia mythos. The legend around Lucrezia is that she went through three husbands, had incestuous relations with both her father, Pope Alexander VI, and her brother Cesare, and engaged in enough sexual exploits to earn her the tag of Rome’s ‘greatest whore’, but this has been mostly exaggerated dramatics typical of Renaissance Italy’s colourful and competitive historians.

Exaggerations are always tipped with truth, of course, which is what makes them so believable. Lucrezia did go through three husbands in a scandalously fast-paced fashion, but it was due more to her father’s and brother’s ambitions than her own. Her first husband was forced to falsely claim impotence to have their marriage annulled when Alexander felt he was no longer politically useful. The second husband, also once favoured and then deemed to be a hindrance, was rather spectacularly murdered at the behest of Lucrezia's brother Cesare. Her third husband, Alfonso d’Este, lasted the longest, knocked her up quite a bit, and even managed to outlive her. As for the incest speculations that have long swirled around the Borgias, most legitimate Renaissance scholars put no stock in them whatsoever. While it’s true that Alexander was close to his daughter and very carefully orchestrated her personal life, he did so purely out of personal ambition. Unpleasant, perhaps, but certainly the norm of that period. Daughters were little more than political tools and pawns. Turns out that accusing someone of incest in those days was one of the worst insults one could deliver about another, so Alexander’s and Cesare’s many enemies enjoyed flinging that one out there, much like a modern “yo momma!” epithet.

Bradford is meticulous in her description of this time of enormous upheaval in the region, with Venetians fighting Florentines and the French taking sides, and nobles and politicians rubbing each other out regularly (hey, there’s a reason Italy is the birthplace of the Mafia!). Lucrezia’s life story is told primarily through her correspondence – to family, children, friends, and lovers – and while it’s a valuable and fascinating firsthand glimpse into her life, it tends to come off a little dry and dull. Still, for any collector of Renaissance history, it’s a solid addition and I would recommend it for that reason.

Book 80 - A.J Ayer "Hume: A Very Short Introduction"

A.J Ayer "Hume: A Very Short Introduction" (Oxford University Press)





Hume is one of the greatest of all British philosophers, and even in his lifetime was celebrated as one of the pivotal figures of the Enlightenment. A central theme of his philosophy is the conviction that questions traditionally thought of as completely independent of the scientific realm's questions about the mind, morality, and God, for example, are best explained using the experimental methods characteristic of the natural sciences.

Hume's 'naturalist' approach to a wide variety of philosophical topics resulted in highly original theories about perception, self-identity, causation, morality, politics, and religion, all of which are discussed in this stimulating introduction by A J Ayer, himself one of the twentieth century's most important philosophers. Ayer also gives an account of Hume's fascinating life and character and includes generous quotations from Hume's lucid and often witty writings.